Which Of The Following Is Not Characteristic Of Changes In Skeletal Structure During Puberty?

Learning Outcomes

• Draw pubertal changes in body size, proportions, and sexual maturity
• Explain social and emotional attitudes and reactions toward puberty, including sex differences

Puberty Begins

Puberty is the period of rapid growth and sexual development that begins in adolescence and starts at some point between ages 8 and 14. While the sequence of concrete changes in puberty is predictable, the onset and stride of puberty vary widely. Every person'south individual timetable for puberty is unlike and is primarily influenced by heredity; however environmental factors—such as diet and exercise—also exert some influence.

Adolescence has evolved historically, with evidence indicating that this stage is lengthening as individuals start puberty earlier and transition to adulthood later than in the past. Puberty today begins, on average, at age x–11 years for girls and xi–12 years for boys. This average age of onset has decreased gradually over time since the 19th century by 3–4 months per decade, which has been attributed to a range of factors including better nutrition, obesity, increased begetter absence, and other environmental factors (Steinberg, 2013). ^[i] Completion of formal education, fiscal independence from parents, spousal relationship, and parenthood have all been markers of the end of adolescence and get-go of machismo, and all of these transitions happen, on average, later now than in the past. In fact, the prolonging of adolescence has prompted the introduction of a new developmental menstruum called emerging adulthood that captures these developmental changes out of adolescence and into adulthood, occurring from approximately ages 18 to 29 (Arnett, 2000). ^[2] We'll learn more well-nigh this phase in the next module on early adulthood.

Figure i. Major physical changes in males during puberty.

Hormonal Changes

Puberty involves distinctive physiological changes in an individual's height, weight, torso composition, and circulatory and respiratory systems, and during this time, both the adrenal glands and sex glands mature. These changes are largely influenced past hormonal activeness. Many hormones contribute to the commencement of puberty, but virtually notably a major rush of estrogen for girls and testosterone for boys. Hormones play anorganizational office(priming the body to behave in a certain way in one case puberty begins) and anactivational function(triggering certain behavioral and physical changes). During puberty, the adolescent's hormonal rest shifts strongly towards an developed country; the process is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream and initiates a concatenation reaction.

Puberty occurs over ii distinct phases, and the starting time phase, adrenarche, begins at 6 to 8 years of age and involves increased product of adrenal androgens that contribute to a number of pubertal changes—such as skeletal growth. The second stage of puberty, gonadarche, begins several years afterwards and involves increased production of hormones governing physical and sexual maturation.

Sexual Maturation

Figure 2. Major physical changes in females during puberty.

During puberty, primary and secondary sex characteristics develop and mature. Main sexual practice characteristics are organs specifically needed for reproduction—the uterus and ovaries in females and testes in males. Secondary sex activity characteristics are physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as development of breasts and hips in girls, and development of facial hair and a deepened voice in boys. Both sexes experience evolution of pubic and underarm hair, too equally increased development of sweat glands.

The male and female gonads are activated by the surge of the hormones discussed before, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development. The testes primarily release testosterone and the ovaries release estrogen; the production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met.

For girls, observable changes begin with nipple growth and pubic hair. Then the body increases in acme while fat forms particularly on the breasts and hips. The start menstrual period (menarche) is followed by more than growth, which is unremarkably completed by 4 years afterwards the commencement menstrual period began. Girls feel menarche usually effectually 12–xiii years old. For boys, the usual sequence is growth of the testes, initial pubic-pilus growth, growth of the penis, offset ejaculation of seminal fluid (spermarche), advent of facial hair, a peak growth spurt, deepening of the phonation, and final pubic-hair growth. (Herman-Giddens et al, 2012).^[3] Boys feel spermarche, the first ejaculation, around xiii–14 years old.

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Physical Growth: The Growth Spurt

During puberty, both sexes experience a rapid increase in height and weight (referred to as a growth spurt) over virtually 2-3 years resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later than females. For girls the growth spurt begins betwixt 8 and 13 years old (average 10-11), with adult height reached between x and 16 years old. Boys brainstorm their growth spurt slightly later, usually betwixt 10 and sixteen years quondam (boilerplate 12-13), and reach their adult peak between 13 and 17 years old. Both nature (i.e., genes) and nurture (east.k., nutrition, medications, and medical atmospheric condition) can influence both height and weight.

Before puberty, there are nigh no differences between males and females in the distribution of fat and muscle. During puberty, males abound muscle much faster than females, and females experience a higher increase in torso fat and basic become harder and more brittle. An boyish's heart and lungs increase in both size and chapters during puberty; these changes contribute to increased strength and tolerance for exercise.

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Sentinel this video to see a summary of the master biological changes that occur during puberty.

You can view the transcript for "Physical development in boyhood | Behavior | MCAT | Khan Academy" here (opens in new window).

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Reactions Toward Puberty and Physical Development

The accelerated growth in different body parts happens at different times, but for all adolescents it has a fairly regular sequence. The start places to grow are the extremities (head, hands, and feet), followed by the arms and legs, and later the torso and shoulders. This non-compatible growth is one reason why an boyish body may seem out of proportion. Additionally, because rates of physical development vary widely amid teenagers, puberty can be a source of pride or embarrassment.

Most adolescents want nothing more than to fit in and non be distinguished from their peers in any way, shape or form (Mendle, 2015).^[4] Then when a child develops earlier or later than his or her peers, there can be long-lasting effects on mental health. Simply put, start puberty earlier than peers presents great challenges, especially for girls. The picture for early-developing boys isn't equally clear, but prove suggests that they, likewise, eventually might suffer sick effects from maturing ahead of their peers. The biggest challenges for boys, all the same, seem to be more than related to late development.

Every bit mentioned in the Khan University video about physical development, early maturing boys tend to be stronger, taller, and more athletic than their later maturing peers. They are usually more pop, confident, and contained, simply they are also at a greater take a chance for substance abuse and early on sexual practice (Flannery, Rowe, & Gulley, 1993; Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpela, Rissanen, & Rantanen, 2001). Additionally, more recent research found that while early-maturing boys initially had lower levels of depression than later-maturing boys, over time they showed signs of increased feet, negative cocky-image and interpersonal stress. (Rudolph, Troop-Gordon, Lambert, & Natsuaki, 2014).^[5]

Early maturing girls may be teased or overtly admired, which tin cause them to experience self-witting about their developing bodies. These girls are at increased risk of a range of psychosocial problems including depression, substance use and early sexual behavior (Graber, 2013).^[six] These girls are also at a higher risk for eating disorders, which we volition hash out in more detail later in this module (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001; Graber, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Brooks-Gunn, 1997; Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999).

Late blooming boys and girls (i.east., they develop more slowly than their peers) may feel self-conscious near their lack of physical development. Negative feelings are especially a problem for belatedly maturing boys, who are at a college risk for low and disharmonize with parents (Graber et al., 1997) and more than likely to be bullied (Pollack & Shuster, 2000).

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Glossary

adolescent growth spurt:

rapid increase in the individual'due south elevation and weight during puberty resulting from simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later on, on average, than females

adrenarche:

an increase in the production of androgens by the adrenal cortex that commonly occurs during the 8th or ninth year of life and typically peaks at around ten to xiv years of age and is eventually involved in the development of pubic hair, trunk odour, peel oiliness, and acne

estrogen:

primary female sex activity hormone that is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual activity characteristics

gonad:

a sex organ that produces gametes; specifically, a testicle or ovary

gonadarche:

refers to the primeval gonadal changes of puberty. In response to pituitary gonadotropins, the ovaries in girls and the testes in boys begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids, specially estradiol and testosterone

menarche:

a girl'southward first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are oftentimes irregular for years after menarche

chief sex characteristics:

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

puberty:

the menstruation of rapid growth and sexual development that begins in adolescence

secondary sex characteristics:

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that signal sexual maturity, such as a human being's beard or a woman's breasts

spermarche:

a boy'southward showtime ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur every bit early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during slumber (nocturnal emission or "wet dream") or via direct stimulation

testosterone:

the master male person sexual activity hormone that plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body pilus. Females also produce testosterone, but at lower level than males

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-lifespandevelopment/chapter/physical-development-during-adolescence/

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